El present perfect une el pasado con el presente. Sirve para hablar de experiencias sin decir cuándo («I have visited Rome») y de acciones recientes que importan ahora («She has just finished her homework»). Se parece al pretérito perfecto español («he visitado», «ha terminado»), aunque no se usa exactamente igual.
Objetivos
- Formar el present perfect con have / has + participio
- Reconocer los participios regulares e irregulares más usados
- Hablar de experiencias con ever y never
- Usar just, already y yet
- Distinguir el present perfect del past simple
1. Formación
sujeto + have / has + participio
| Afirmativa | Negativa | Pregunta | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | I have (’ve) played | I haven’t played | Have you played? |
| he / she / it | she has (’s) played | she hasn’t played | Has she played? |
El participio de los verbos regulares es igual que el pasado (-ed): played, visited, studied. Los irregulares tienen su propia forma (tercera columna de la lista de verbos irregulares).
| Infinitivo | Past simple | Participio |
|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been |
| go | went | gone / been |
| see | saw | seen |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| do | did | done |
| write | wrote | written |
| have | had | had |
| buy | bought | bought |
2. Experiencias: ever y never
- ever (alguna vez) en preguntas: «Have you ever been to London?»
- never (nunca) en afirmativa con sentido negativo: «I’ve never eaten sushi».
- Respuestas cortas: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
3. Just, already y yet
| Palabra | Significado | Posición | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | acabar de | entre have y participio | I’ve just had lunch. |
| already | ya | entre have y participio | She’s already done her homework. |
| yet | ya (pregunta) / todavía (negativa) | al final de la frase | Have you finished yet? I haven’t finished yet. |
4. Present perfect o past simple
| Present perfect | Past simple |
|---|---|
| Sin momento concreto: I’ve visited Rome. | Con momento concreto: I visited Rome in 2023. |
| Experiencia o resultado ahora: She’s lost her keys (no las tiene). | Historia terminada: She lost her keys yesterday. |
| ever, never, just, already, yet | yesterday, last week, ago, in 2020, when… |
Conversación típica
- – Have you ever been to Italy? (experiencia → present perfect)
- – Yes, I have. I went there last summer. (cuándo → past simple)
Recuerda
- have / has + participio (-ed o irregular: seen, done, been, eaten…).
- Experiencias: Have you ever…? I’ve never…
- just / already entre have y participio; yet al final.
- Momento concreto del pasado → past simple.
¡Ahora te toca a ti!
Comprueba que lo has entendido con los ejercicios y repasa con el resumen.