Au niveau B2, on attend une argumentation articulée (les idées sont reliées logiquement) et nuancée (on évite les affirmations absolues). Cela passe par des connecteurs précis, bien construits, et par la modalisation : adverbes, modaux et tournures qui dosent le degré de certitude.
Une question sur ce cours ?
ULU, le tuteur d’ULUMINE, t’aide à partir de ce cours.
Objectifs
- Maîtriser la construction des connecteurs (+ phrase, + nom, + V-ing)
- Exprimer la concession, le contraste, le but et la conséquence
- Nuancer son propos (arguably, to some extent, tend to…)
- Éviter les généralisations et les répétitions
1. Connecteurs : attention à la construction
| Relation | + proposition (sujet + verbe) | + nom ou V-ing | Adverbe (en tête, suivi d’une virgule) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concession | although, even though | despite, in spite of | nevertheless, still, admittedly |
| Contraste | whereas, while | unlike | however, on the other hand, conversely |
| Cause | because, since, as | because of, due to, owing to | — |
| Conséquence | so ; so + adjectif + that (si… que) | — | therefore, consequently, as a result, hence |
| But | so that, in order that | in order to / so as to + BV | — |
Même idée, trois constructions
- Although the novel is fictional, it describes real social problems.
- Despite being fictional, the novel describes real social problems.
- The novel is fictional. Nevertheless, it describes real social problems.
2. Nuancer et modaliser
| Procédé | Exemples |
|---|---|
| Adverbes de certitude | undoubtedly, clearly / probably, arguably (on peut soutenir que) / hardly |
| Restreindre la portée | to some extent, in some cases, to a certain degree, up to a point |
| Généralités prudentes | tend to, are likely to, most / many people, it seems that |
| Modaux | may, might, could : Fake news may influence elections. |
3. Fictions et réalités : un paragraphe d’exemple
Paragraphe rédigé pour ce cours
Dystopian novels such as George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, published in 1949, are obviously works of fiction. Nevertheless, they arguably help readers think about reality, since they exaggerate tendencies that already exist. Whereas a newspaper article informs, a novel makes us feel what it would be like to live under constant surveillance. To some extent, fiction may therefore be a more powerful warning than facts.
4. Éviter les répétitions
- Varier les sujets : this phenomenon, this trend, such a situation, the latter / the former (ce dernier / le premier).
- Varier les verbes d’opinion : I believe, I would argue that, it seems to me that.
- Utiliser les pronoms et les synonymes : novel → book, story, work of fiction.
À retenir
- although / whereas + proposition ; despite / unlike + nom ou V-ing ; however, nevertheless + virgule.
- But : in order to / so as to + BV ; so that + sujet + modal.
- Nuancer : arguably, to some extent, tend to, may.
- Éviter les généralisations absolues et les répétitions.
Et maintenant, à toi !
Vérifie que tu as compris avec les exercices, puis révise avec la fiche.